Mechanisms of woody-plant mortality under rising drought, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit
2 UMN - University of Minnesota System
3 WSU - Washington State University
4 The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque]
5 University of Utah
6 Unibas - Université de Bâle = University of Basel = Basel Universität
7 University of Arizona
8 UTAS - University of Tasmania [Hobart]
9 Western Sydney University
10 PIAF - Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant
11 CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries = Centre de Recerca Ecologica i Aplicacions Forestals
12 University of Bristol [Bristol]
13 EPFL - Institut de théorie des phénomènes physiques
14 FAMU - Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University
15 Max-Planck-Institut
16 Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël]
17 SUNY Buffalo - University at Buffalo [SUNY]
18 Università degli studi di Trieste = University of Trieste
19 UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas
20 University of Montana
21 University of Wisconsin-Madison
22 UC Santa Barbara - University of California [Santa Barbara]
23 UCA - University of Central Arkansas
24 LANL - Los Alamos National Laboratory
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Résumé
Drought-associated woody-plant mortality has been increasing in most regions with multi-decadal records and is projected to increase in the future, impacting terrestrial climate forcing, biodiversity and resource availability. The mechanisms underlying such mortality, however, are debated, owing to complex interactions between the drivers and the processes. In this Review, we synthesize knowledge of drought-related tree mortality under a warming and drying atmosphere with rising atmospheric CO2. Drought-associated mortality results from water and carbon depletion and declines in their fluxes relative to demand by living tissues. These pools and fluxes are interdependent and underlay plant defences against biotic agents. Death via failure to maintain a positive water balance is particularly dependent on soil-to-root conductance, capacitance, vulnerability to hydraulic failure, cuticular water losses and dehydration tolerance, all of which could be exacerbated by reduced carbon supply rates to support cellular survival or the carbon starvation process. The depletion of plant water and carbon pools is accelerated under rising vapour pressure deficit, but increasing CO2 can mitigate these impacts. Advancing knowledge and reducing predictive uncertainties requires the integration of carbon, water and defensive processes, and the use of a range of experimental and modelling approaches. Enhanced drought frequency and magnitude have impacted tree mortality, leading to multiple examples of regional-scale dieback. This Review outlines the mechanisms leading to mortality, including carbon starvation and hydraulic failure.